Definition, Betydelse & Synonymer | Engelska ordet HAFNIUM

Definition av HAFNIUM

1. hafnium

Exempel på hur man kan använda HAFNIUM i en mening

• A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals.
• Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homolog to hafnium in group 4.
• First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyish-white color that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium.
• Homogeneous catalysts usually based on complexes of the group 4 metals titanium, zirconium or hafnium.
• Its list includes—in addition to copper, lead, nickel, and zinc—the following metals: iron and steel (an alloy), aluminium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, zirconium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, rhenium, and thallium, and their alloys.
• As is typical for early transition metals, zirconium and hafnium have only the group oxidation state of +4 as a major one, and are quite electropositive and have a less rich coordination chemistry.
• Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves decaying.
• Van Arkel–de Boer process – for producing titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, thorium, or protactinium.
• ATI produces metals including titanium and titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys and superalloys, stainless and specialty steels, zirconium, hafnium, and niobium, tungsten materials, forgings and castings.
• Hafnium diboride is a type of ceramic composed of hafnium and boron that belongs to the class of ultra-high temperature ceramics.
• As seen in the diagram below, impure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, thorium or protactinium is heated in an evacuated vessel with a halogen at 50–250 °C.
• Other neutron absorbers used in nuclear reactors are xenon, cadmium, hafnium, gadolinium, cobalt, samarium, titanium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, molybdenum and ytterbium.
• One group includes elements having large ionic radius, such as potassium, rubidium, caesium, strontium, and barium (called LILE, or large-ion lithophile elements), and the other group includes elements of large ionic valences (or high electrical charges), such as zirconium, niobium, hafnium, rare-earth elements (REE), thorium, uranium and tantalum (called HFSE, or high-field-strength elements).
• It is used as electrolyte for the electroplating of refractory metals and compounds like titanium, tantalum, hafnium, zirconium and their borides.
• Journalists were asked not to report on various phrases, including "atom smashing", "atomic energy", "secret military weapons", and the elements "polonium, uranium, ytterbium, hafnium, protactinium, radium, rhenium, thorium, deuterium"; only uranium was sensitive, but was listed with other elements to hide its importance.
• Nickel, Nichrome, tantalum, hafnium, niobium, zirconium, vanadium, and tungsten are a few of the metal combinations used to form diffusion barriers for specific applications.
• Microbiologists have developed a number of alternative stains: neodymium acetate, platinum blue, hafnium chloride, and oolong tea extracts.
• Atomistic simulations conducted in 2015 predicted that a similar compound, hafnium carbonitride (HfCN), could have a melting point exceeding even that of hafnium carbide.
• Certain bent metallocenes of zirconium and hafnium are effective precatalysts for the polymerization of propylene.
• The mixtures under investigation include one or more finely powdered (down to nanoparticle size) metalloids or metals like aluminium, magnesium, zirconium, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, uranium or hafnium, with one or more oxidizers like teflon or other fluoropolymer, pressed or sintered or bonded by other method to a compact, high-density mass.

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