Synonymer & Information om | Engelska ordet PROTONATION

Exempel på hur man kan använda PROTONATION i en mening

• In chemistry, hydronium (hydroxonium in traditional British English) is the cation , also written as , the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water.
• Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological macromolecules.
• Check Sidechains Plugin — checks and helps select best orientation and protonation state for Asn, Gln, and His side chains.
• The final step is the reaction (protonation) of the salicylate anion with an acid to form the desired salicylic acids (ortho- and para- isomers).
• Amidines are also prepared by the addition of organolithium reagents to diimines, followed by protonation or alkylation.
• This intermediate collapses with the elimination of the azo group to yield an aryldiazene with an ortho carboxylate group, which extrudes nitrogen gas to afford the anionic form of the observed benzoic acid product, presumably through the generation and immediate protonation of an aryl anion intermediate.
• A second carbenium species is produced by protonation and loss of the aliphatic hydroxyl group, leading to bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) after a second aromatic substitution reaction.
• The mechanism of the formation of ethyl sulfate, diethyl ether, and ethylene is based on the reaction between ethanol and sulfuric acid, which involves protonation of the ethanolic oxygen to form the oxonium ion.
• Perbromic acid is unstable and cannot be formed by displacement of chlorine from perchloric acid, as periodic acid is prepared; it can only be made by protonation of the perbromate ion.
• At physiologic pH, the positive charge on the molecule from partial protonation of the carboximide group contributes to the relative slowness with which the drug crosses cell membranes (such as in red blood cells) until it has been metabolized into ribavirin.
• For example, attempting to perform a Wittig reaction on acylsilane results in the formation of a silyl enol ether instead of the expected alkene, due to elimination by the carbanion instead of protonation as seen above.
• Ethylamine undergoes the reactions anticipated for a primary alkyl amine, such as acylation and protonation.
• For example, protonation of vanadate initiates a series of condensations to produce polyoxovanadate ions:.
• After protonation the group is labile for hydration, which results in the opening of the diazepine ring.
• In chemistry, an onium ion is a cation formally obtained by the protonation of mononuclear parent hydride of a pnictogen (group 15 of the periodic table), chalcogen (group 16), or halogen (group 17).
• The reaction mechanism begins with the protonation of the alcohol which leaves in an E1 reaction to form the allene from the alkyne.
• Otherwise, referring to hydrons as protons is still considered acceptable, for example in such terms as protonation, deprotonation, proton pump, or proton channel.
• This discrepancy has been addressed by the discovery of a water molecule in the active site of human IPP isomerase, suggesting a mechanism where the glutamine residue polarizes the double bond of IPP and makes it more susceptible to protonation by water.
• Mazindol exists in the tricyclic (-ol) form in neutral media and undergoes protonation to the benzophenone tautomer in acidic media.
• The way that both of these reactions are facilitated is by general acid-base catalysis which strengthen the oxygen nucleophile by removing bonded proteins and stabilizing the oxyanion leaving groups through protonation.

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